Understanding Bancassurance Adoption: The Role of Trust, Attitude, and Financial Literacy Across Stakeholders
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to examine the determinants of bancassurance adoption by integrating multiple theoretical perspectives and comparing customer and organizational viewpoints. A quantitative approach was employed using survey data collected from 400 customers and 420 organizational respondents in Vietnam. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis. The results show that all proposed relationships are significant in both groups, with intention strongly influencing usage behavior. However, the strength of the relationships differs across groups. Trust and attitude have stronger effects in the customer sample, while financial literacy shows a more consistent influence. Multi-group analysis reveals significant differences in several paths, indicating a gap between customer perceptions and organizational assessments. This study provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding bancassurance adoption by integrating multiple theories and incorporating both demand-side and supply-side perspectives. It also highlights differences between stakeholders, offering insights that are relevant for both theory development and managerial practice.
Article Details
References
- M. Rubio-Misas, Bancassurance and the Coexistence of Multiple Insurance Distribution Channels, Int. J. Bank Mark. 40 (2022), 724-745. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2021-0129.
- S. Weedige, Drivers of Bancassurance Adoption: An Integrated Model of Trust, Perceived Value, and Customer Behaviour, Asian J. Finance 2 (2025), 69-93. https://doi.org/10.4038/ajf.v2i1.10.
- M. Shivani, V.L. B, H. Sharma, Insurtech-Enabled Bancassurance: a Conceptual Study of Innovation, Integration, and Customer-Centricity, Adv. Consum. Res. 2 (2025), 5365–5374.
- T.R. Lambregts, P. van Bruggen, H. Bleichrodt, Insurance Decisions under Nonperformance Risk and Ambiguity, J. Risk Uncertain. 63 (2021), 229-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-021-09364-7.
- V.A. Phamthi, Á. Nagy, T.M. Ngo, The Influence of Perceived Risk on Purchase Intention in E-commerce—Systematic Review and Research Agenda, Int. J. Consum. Stud. 48 (2024), e13067. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.13067.
- W. Sun, Toward a Theory of Ethical Consumer Intention Formation: Re-Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior, AMS Rev. 10 (2019), 260-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-019-00156-6.
- K. Rozenkowska, Theory of Planned Behavior in Consumer Behavior Research: A Systematic Literature Review, Int. J. Consum. Stud. 47 (2023), 2670-2700. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12970.
- H. Chi, H. Phan, The Impact of CSR on Reputation, Image, and Identification in Customer Loyalty: The Moderating Role of Customer Commitment, Cogent Bus. Manag. 13 (2026), 2630434. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2026.2630434.
- B.Y. Almansour, A.Y. Almansour, S. Elkrghli, S.A. Shojaei, The Investment Puzzle: Unveiling Behavioral Finance, Risk Perception, and Financial Literacy, ECONOMICS 13 (2024), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2025-0003.
- A.K. Merter, Y.S. Balcıoğlu, Financial Literacy and Decision-Making: The Impact of Knowledge Gaps on Financial Outcomes, Borsa Istanb. Rev. 25 (2025), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2025.07.010.
- A. Cirillo, M.A. Manzi, J. Bauweraerts, S. Sciascia, Tax Avoidance in Family Business: the Ethical Perspective of CEO Transgenerational Responsibility, J. Bus. Ethics 198 (2025), 841-864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-025-05941-x.
- A. Suresh, M.A. Monalisa, Proximate Determinants of AI Acceptance on Bancassurance Growth and Management in India, J. Financ. Account. Manag. 16 (2025), 1–11.
- B. Culiberg, H. Cho, M. Kos Koklic, V. Zabkar, The Role of Moral Foundations, Anticipated Guilt and Personal Responsibility in Predicting Anti-consumption for Environmental Reasons, J. Bus. Ethics 182 (2022), 465-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-05016-7.
- B.C. Stahl, D. Eke, The Ethics of ChatGPT – Exploring the Ethical Issues of an Emerging Technology, Int. J. Inf. Manag. 74 (2024), 102700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102700.
- S. Kimiagari, F. Baei, Promoting E-Banking Actual Usage: Mix of Technology Acceptance Model and Technology-Organisation-Environment Framework, Enterp. Inf. Syst. 16 (2021), 1894356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2021.1894356.
- M. Hassaan, G. Li, A. Yaseen, Toward an Understanding of Pakistani Customers' Adoption of Smart Banking Services: An Extended Application of UTAUT2 Model with Big Brother Effect and Information Privacy Concern, Int. J. Bank Mark. 41 (2023), 1715-1742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-09-2022-0396.
- M.N. Iqbal, Exploration of the Factors Influencing Customer Perspectives and Intention Regarding Digital Bancassurance, J. Manag. Econ. Stud. 5 (2023), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2023.1353.
- N. Denner, T. Koch, J. Dahlke, Companies as Critics, Adapters, and Pioneers: Motives, Strategies, and Risks of Corporate Social Advocacy, Int. J. Strateg. Commun. 19 (2025), 536-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2025.2466505.
- M.C.P. Rizzati, E. Ciola, E. Turco, D. Bazzana, S. Vergalli, Beyond Green Preferences: Demand-side and Supply-side Drivers in the Low-Carbon Transition, Environ. Resour. Econ. 88 (2025), 1239-1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-025-00965-3.
- N. Nguyen, E.G. Drakou, Farmers' Intention to Adopt Sustainable Agriculture Hinges on Climate Awareness: The Case of Vietnamese Coffee, J. Clean. Prod. 303 (2021), 126828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126828.
- S.A. Hapsari, The Theory of Planned Behavior and Financial Literacy to Analyze Intention in Mutual Fund Product Investment, Adv. Econ. Bus. Manag. Res. 187 (2021), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210831.028.
- H. Si, J. Shi, D. Tang, G. Wu, J. Lan, Understanding Intention and Behavior toward Sustainable Usage of Bike Sharing by Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 152 (2020), 104513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104513.
- H. Li, Y. Wu, D. Cao, Y. Wang, Organizational Mindfulness Towards Digital Transformation as a Prerequisite of Information Processing Capability to Achieve Market Agility, J. Bus. Res. 122 (2021), 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.036.
- M. Adil, Y. Singh, M.S. Ansari, Does Financial Literacy Affect Investor's Planned Behavior as a Moderator?, Manag. Financ. 48 (2022), 1372-1390. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-03-2021-0130.
- M. Al-Emran, I. Arpaci, S.A. Salloum, An Empirical Examination of Continuous Intention to Use m-Learning: An Integrated Model, Educ. Inf. Technol. 25 (2020), 2899-2918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10094-2.
- W. Alkhowaiter, Use and Behavioural Intention of M-Payment in GCC Countries: Extending Meta-UTAUT with Trust and Islamic Religiosity, J. Innov. Knowl. 7 (2022), 100240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100240.
- M. Alrawad, A. Lutfi, M.A. Almaiah, I.A. Elshaer, Examining the Influence of Trust and Perceived Risk on Customers Intention to Use NFC Mobile Payment System, J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 9 (2023), 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100070.
- N. Singh, N. Sinha, How Perceived Trust Mediates Merchant's Intention to Use a Mobile Wallet Technology, J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 52 (2020), 101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101894.
- Z.A. Soomro, Q. Ali, S. Parveen, Diffusion of Industry 5.0 in the Financial Sector: A Developmental Study, in: Proc. BAM, September, 2022.
- H.S. Choi, D. Carpenter, M.S. Ko, Risk Taking Behaviors Using Public Wi-Fi™, Inf. Syst. Front. 24 (2021), 965-982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10119-7.
- C. Tangmanee, N. Sritadawut, Effects of Perceived Risk and Bank Reputation Through Online Trust on the Use of Internet Banking Services, Int. J. Electron. Commer. Stud. 12 (2021), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.7903/ijecs.1927.
- N. Naghavi, S. Pahlevan Sharif, O. Esmaeelinezhad, Intention to Engage in Financial Planning: Does Motivation Matter?, Asia-Pac. J. Bus. Adm. 18 (2025), 432-461. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-11-2024-0625.
- S.F. Wahyuni, Radiman, M.S. Hafiz, Jufrizen, Financial Literacy and Financial Attitude on Financial Management Behavior: An Examination of the Mediating Role of the Behavioral Intention of Students at Private Universities in Indonesia, Investig. Manag. Financ. Innov. 20 (2023), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(3).2023.20.
- A. Belhadi, S. Kamble, I. Benkhati, S. Gupta, S.K. Mangla, Does Strategic Management of Digital Technologies Influence Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and Customer Loyalty? Empirical Insights from B2B Platform Economy, J. Bus. Res. 156 (2023), 113548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113548.
- W. Ozuem, S. Ranfagni, M. Willis, G. Salvietti, K. Howell, Exploring the Relationship between Chatbots, Service Failure Recovery and Customer Loyalty: A Frustration–Aggression Perspective, Psychol. Mark. 41 (2024), 2253-2273. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.22051.
- H.-M. Shih, B.H. Chen, M.-H. Chen, C.-H. Wang, L.-F. Wang, A Study of the Financial Behavior Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, Int. J. Mark. Stud. 14 (2022), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v14n2p1.
- A. Agunsoye, H. James, Irrational or Rational? Time to Rethink Our Understanding of Financially Responsible Behavior, Econ. Geogr. 100 (2024), 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2024.2305976.
- S. Bankins, The Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management: A Decision-Making Framework, Ethics Inf. Technol. 23 (2021), 841-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09619-6.
- L.-W. Wu, C.-Y. Wang, E. Rouyer, The Opportunity and Challenge of Trust and Decision-Making Uncertainty, Int. J. Bank Mark. 38 (2019), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-02-2019-0061.
- J.O. Fiet, Risk Avoidance Strategies in Venture Capital Markets, J. Manag. Stud. 32 (1995), 551-574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1995.tb00788.x.
- P.G. Aquino, Employees’ Mental Health and Productivity and Its Impact on Contextual and Task Performance in Organizations, J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 12 (2020), 708-719. https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V12SP8/20202573.
- H.L. Nguyen, Individual Stories of Agency: An Exploratory Study into the Pandemic Impact on Students' Employability Skills, High. Educ. Ski. Work-Based Learn. 14 (2023), 529-544. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-05-2023-0111.
- M. Adil, Y. Singh, M. Subhan, M.A. Saleh Al-Faryan, M.S. Ansari, Do Trust in Financial Institution and Financial Literacy Enhances Intention to Participate in Stock Market among Indian Investors during COVID-19 Pandemic?, Cogent Econ. Financ. 11 (2023), 2169998. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2169998.
- I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior: Frequently Asked Questions, Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol. 2 (2020), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195.
- S.L. Warner, Randomized Response: a Survey Technique, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 60 (1986), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985581.n2.
- D. Lakens, Sample Size Justification, Collabra Psychol. 8 (2022), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781036212261.
- O. Fawehinmi, M.Y. Yusliza, M.I. Tanveer, M.S. Abdullahi, Influence of Green Human Resource Management on Employee Green Behavior: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Perceived Behavioral Control and Attitude toward Corporate Environmental Policy, Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 31 (2023), 2514-2536. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2707.
- B. Ruiz, J.A. García, Modelling Customer-Based Bank Reputation: the Moderating Role of Uncertainty Avoidance, Int. J. Bank Mark. 37 (2019), 340-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-12-2017-0273.
- M.F. Jiménez-Herrera, I. Font-Jimenez, L. Bazo-Hernández, J. Roldán-Merino, A. Biurrun-Garrido, et al., Moral Sensitivity of Nursing Students. Adaptation and Validation of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire in Spain, PLOS ONE 17 (2022), e0270049. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270049.
- Y. Chen, Towards Green Loyalty: Driving from Green Perceived Value, Green Satisfaction, and Green Trust, Sustain. Dev. 21 (2010), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.500.
- L. Shen, N. Qiu, Z. Wang, Psychological Safety and Trust as Drivers of Teachers’ Continued Use of AI Tools in Classrooms, Sci. Rep. 15 (2025), 31426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13789-4.
- T.M. Sang, Integrating Behavioral, Social, and Technological Factors in Cryptocurrency Investment Decisions, PLoS One 21 (2026), e0332256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332256.
- F. Alnaser, S. Rahi, M. Alghizzawi, A.H. Ngah, An Integrative Research Framework to Investigate Factors Influencing Citizen’s Intention to Adopt E-Health Applications: Post-COVID-19 Perspective, Glob. Knowl. Mem. Commun. 75 (2024), 1263-1284. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-07-2023-0242.
- M. Farzin, M. Sadeghi, F. Yahyayi Kharkeshi, H. Ruholahpur, M. Fattahi, Extending UTAUT2 in M-Banking Adoption and Actual Use Behavior: Does WOM Communication Matter?, Asian J. Econ. Bank. 5 (2021), 136-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/ajeb-10-2020-0085.
- J.F. Hair, G.T.M. Hult, C.M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt, N.P. Danks, S. Ray, An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling, in: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R, Classroom Companion: Business, Springer, Cham, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1.